Brookings India in collaboration with National Institute of Public Finance and Policy (NIPFP) and Auro University, Gujarat organized a seminar by Professor Raymond Duch on 14 January 2016 at the NIPFP campus in New Delhi.

Professor Ray is Director of the Nuffield Centre for Experimental Social Sciences (CESS) at the University of Oxford. Professor Ray presented his research which focused on experimental evidences to highlight that the rich individuals who demonstrate high levels of ability or efforts are much less likely than others to comply with taxation. The conclusions drawn from this study have significant implications ranging from designing of tax structures to the overall welfare effects on the society.

Context of the study

Across the globe, economic inequalities are growing at a very rapid pace and redistributive taxation has been well accepted as a policy instrument. But this idea rests on an important assumption that the rice people actually pay their taxes. The experimental study conducted by Professor Ray indicates that the subjects who perform better on the real effort tasks, who typically are rich people, show greedier behavior and thus are more likely to resist paying taxes.

The study explored the following five conjectures regarding the intrinsic motivations for tax compliance-

• Intrinsic motivation for tax compliance rises when the ability of the individual is lower, i.e. the individuals who are generally relatively worse-off.
• Intrinsic motivation for tax compliance falls when the price of compliance which in itself is a function of earnings and tax rates, falls i.e. the demand for “intrinsic” rewards is downward sloping.
• Intrinsic motivation for tax compliance rises when high achievers realize that chance or status play an important role in determining their earnings as opposed to their skill and ability.
• The perceived fairness of tax collection and spending raises the intrinsic motivation for tax compliance.
• Cheating may be conditional on one’s location in the income distribution as the relative wealth induces greedy and unethical behavior.

Key highlights of the experiment –

The subjects were tested under different treatment effects such as baseline, status and shocks in order to explore alternative causal mechanism of ability and cheating but the experimental results remained highly robust, indicating a consistent greedier behavior by relatively better off individuals.

1. Cost of compliance
2. Rise in the cost of compliance is positively related to the overall probability of cheating.
3. The individuals with relatively higher ability cheat even further more as compared to individuals with relatively lower ability.
4. Rate of taxation
5. Rise in the rate of taxation is also positively related to the overall probability of cheating.
6. Higher levels of cheating by able versus less able types persists in high and low tax regimes.
7. Experimentally it is not evident that the correlation between performance or ability and cheating moderates when the earnings of an individual are associated with luck or status rather than its ability or skill.
8. Intrinsic motivation of relatively better off individuals did not have any significant change when experimental treatment regime was allowed to be much more redistributive – the correlation between ability and cheating was similar to that of the baseline treatments.
9. Individuals with different abilities, exhibit different intrinsic motivations to comply with taxation. Individuals with higher ability, and hence those who are more likely to be rich, realise much less intrinsic benefits from complying with taxation. Thus, the likelihood of their cheating is higher.

Conclusion –

The cheating behavior of individuals has been well linked to both the ability and the wealth possessed by individuals. In this study, the experiment treatments were specifically designed to segregate the effect of ability and wealth as an explanation for the cheating behavior. The experimental results of this study very strongly establishes the causal claim that ability triggers cheating and since individuals with higher ability are potentially rich so this study raise serious doubt over the redistributive taxation as a policy instrument to regulate the rising inequalities.

The result of this study is in coherence with the heterogeneous effect that   Dwenger et al. (2015) report for their “compliance” rewards treatments and other similar experimental studies conducted in the recent past. There is convincing evidence from these studies that there are ‘types’ in the population who have weak intrinsic motivations; in particular, a higher likelihood for cheating. As an evidence of this claim, it is no surprise to observe that with the advance of globalization and technological advances in financial transactions, the rich have availed themselves of tax havens and banking services that allow them to evade taxes.  The asymmetry in intrinsic motivations of rich and poor to comply with the taxation regime, very likely contributes to the persistent inequality that we observe in the modern capitalist economies.

The importance of the study lies in the fact that not only does it raise doubt over the efficacy of the redistributive taxation as a policy instrument to control the growing inequalities but it also help explain the growing inequalities per se i.e. to say that the policies relying on intrinsic motivation or reputational concerns to ensure tax compliance may actually reinforce post-tax income and thus accentuate rather than to regulate economic inequalities.

More information about Professor Raymond Duch and his pioneering work can be accessed at Link

Full video of the seminar: Link

Like other products of the Brookings Institution India Center, this report is intended to contribute to discussion and stimulate debate on important issues. Brookings India does not have any institutional views.